Beyond Darwinism: Kropotkin's Vision of Mutual Aid

What is the role of solidarity and reciprocity in building equitable and sustainable communities?

Image by N.O. Bonzo via Wikimedia 

Capitalism and its presumed hyper-individualism fail to meet most people’s needs. This phenomenon is the logical outcome of living under political structures designed to concentrate wealth and power among a select few, rather than addressing the comprehensive needs of the population.

In other words, the primary directive of society at present is to prioritize profit over purposes that benefit humanity. The prevailing narrative often suggests a world of individual silos, where only the most resilient or "fit" survive.

The concept of "Survival of the Fittest," a social Darwinistic misinterpretation of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, historically underscores this perspective. While Darwin devoted years to studying the natural world aboard the HMS Beagle, he was not the sole proponent of evolutionary theory. 

Another significant figure, Pëtr Kropotkin, emerged with a contrasting view - or perhaps an elaboration on natural selection. Kropotkin’s observations in Siberia led him to challenge the notion of relentless competition and to propose an alternative framework grounded in mutual aid.

 Kropotkin Observes Mutual Aid

Kropotkin Portrait via Wikimedia

Pëtr Kropotkin (1842–1921) was a multifaceted individual—scientist, revolutionary, historian, and master of disguise. Born of Russian nobility, Kropotkin had the potential to pursue a conventional career path, such as a military general. However, his vision extended beyond personal ambition to a quest for a world devoid of violence and centralized authority.

Kropotkin's significant contribution to evolutionary theory emerged from his fieldwork in Siberia. Contrary to the competitive struggle emphasized by the "Survival of the Fittest," Kropotkin observed that cooperation and mutual support were prevalent among animals and beyond. He taught students across Eurasia while perpetually evading the grasp of the Russian police. 

He documented instances of animals, such as Arctic foxes and Siberian hares, engaging in behaviors that demonstrated mutual assistance and reciprocity, such as huddling together for warmth during harsh conditions. He also noted how villagers in small towns would share resources and live communally. 

These observations led Kropotkin to reevaluate the principles of natural selection. In his seminal work, *Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution* (1902), he argued that cooperative behaviors were crucial for survival and adaptation. This thesis challenged the dominant competitive, capitalist paradigm, suggesting that species exhibiting mutual support were better equipped to thrive in their environments.

Mutual Aid vs Charity

Photo by Joel Muniz on Unsplash

Mutual aid is distinct from charity in several critical ways. Mutual aid is a collaborative effort wherein individuals and groups come together to address common needs through solidarity and shared objectives. It operates on principles of reciprocity and equality, where decisions are made collectively rather than imposed from above.

In contrast, charity often involves one-time acts of benevolence that do not address underlying systemic issues. It tends to be hierarchical, relying on the discretionary generosity of benefactors. Thus, they often fail to meet needs or address root causes of problems, because sometimes said benefactors benefit from unmet needs or the system that creates such poverty.

Charitable endeavors may provide temporary relief but often fail to tackle the root causes of social problems. As such, charity can inadvertently perpetuate dependency and inequality rather than foster systemic change. It’s sickening to think the super-wealthy get tax cuts from PR events like community donations to working people when their wealth relies on exploiting said labor. 

Mutual aid, by contrast, promotes long-term relationships and collective action. It seeks to challenge and transform the existing structures which perpetuate inequality and artificial scarcity. This form of solidarity emphasizes the interdependence of individuals and communities, advocating for a more equitable distribution of resources and opportunities considering historical injustices.

 Final Thoughts

Photo Via Mutual Aid 101: Toolkit

The insights of Peter Kropotkin highlight the importance of mutual aid as a fundamental component of evolutionary and social progress. By prioritizing cooperation and solidarity over competition and hierarchy, mutual aid offers a viable alternative to the limitations of charity and the inequities of capitalism. 

As we explore and implement mutual aid strategies, we move closer to a fairer and more just society, where collective efforts address shared needs and promote equitable outcomes for all. Building mutual aid networks is one step towards creating the world we wish to see. Stay tuned as we identify and elaborate on real-world examples of solidarity through mutual aid.

Beyond Darwinism - Mutual Aid Index

1. Beyond Survival of the Fittest: Kropotkin's Vision of Mutual Aid

   1. What is the role of solidarity and reciprocity in building equitable and sustainable communities?

2. Mutual Aid Among Plants and Animals: Cooperating for Survival

   1. Peter Kropotkin Observes How Cooperation Among Species Improves Survival and Shapes Evolution.

3. Frolics and Barn-Raisings: Mutual Aid Amongst the Amish

   1. Take a Look at the Amish Traditions of Collective Action and Solidarity.

4. The Arab Spring: Mutual Aid in the Fight for Freedom

   1. See Solidarity in Action with the Collective Struggle for Liberation in the Arab Spring Movements.

5. The Black Panther Party’s Legacy of Community Empowerment Through Mutual Aid

   1. The BPP protected and served their communities despite rampant racism and being the main targets of the FBI’s Counter-Intelligence Program.

6. Blessing Boxes: Mutual Aid in Our Communities Today

   1. Find Out How These Simple Free Community Pantries Transform Neighborhoods and Promote Solidarity.

7. Childcare Collectives: A Modern Expression of Mutual Aid

   1. Childcare Collectives develop when families, friends, and neighbors pool their resources to raise children.

8. Feeding Hope: The Impact of Community Fridges as Mutual Aid

   1. See How Grassroots Efforts Like Chattanooga’s Hope Community Fridge Transforms Food Access and Fights Food Apartheid.

9. Grow Food Together: The Impact of Community Gardening as Mutual Aid

   1. Shared Gardens Enhance Food Security, Build Community Bonds, and Promote Well-being Without Personal Expense.

10. Community Self-Defense: Protecting Ourselves and One Another

    1. Let’s Talk About How Communities Work Together to Protect Themselves From Harm Inflicted by the State and Fascists.

11. Community Workspaces: Where Coworking Meets Opportunity

    1. Find Out How Shared Community Workspaces Support Creativity and Mutual Empowerment.

12. Deciding Together: The Consensus Model in Mutual Aid

    1. How Collective Decision-Making Builds Strong and Resilient Movements As Shown by Occupy Wall Street.

13. Live Together, Thrive Together: Shared Housing as Mutual Aid

    1. Imagine Housing as a Way to Build Community and Share Resources.

14. Breaking Bread, Building Bonds: What’s Cooking in Community Kitchens?

    1. Learn How These Shared Kitchens Create Lasting Change Through Healthy Meals, Cooking Education, and Mutual Aid.

15. Migration and Mutual Aid: Navigating a Climate Crisis Together

    1. The USA and Global North Grew Rich Burning Fossil Fuels. Radical Cooperation Can Help Us Adapt to a Changing World.

16. Forgive Us Our Debts: How Debt Collective Helps Abolish Financial Servitude

    1. Debt Collective Branched Off From Occupy Wall Street and Unifies Debtors in Mutual Aid for Collective Liberation.

17. Thou Doth Protest? How The Diggers Reclaimed the Commons and Fought Early Capitalism

    1. Learn About the Radical Solidarity and Resistance to the Enclosure of the Common Lands in 17th-Century England.

18. A World Without Barriers: Consider Accessibility in Mutual Aid

    1. Everyone Becomes Disabled if They Are Lucky. So How Can We Make Our World More Accessible?

19. Mutual Aid in the Eye of the Storm: Disaster Relief Amid Climate Change

    1. When Disaster Strikes, Mutual Aid Responds: A Blueprint for Resilience Amid More Frequent Catastrophes

20. Beyond the Ballot Box: Build Dual Power for Real Change

    1. Empower People Through Mutual Aid, Solidarity, and Community Control.

21. Communities of Care: How Solidarity Transforms Support for Elders and the Differently-Abled

    1. How Can Mutual Aid Principles Change Elderly and Disabled Care From Isolation to Connection?

22. Growing Resistance: How Food Forests Feed Communities for Free and Defy Capitalism

    1. From Commodities to Commons: The Radical Potential of Agroforestry

23. Roots of Resilience: Black Mutual Aid Societies in American History

    1. Explore W.E.B. Du Bois’ Work and the Heritage of Solidarity Among Black Folk.

24. From Despair to Dignity: The Radical Work of Free Clinics

    1. How Mutual Aid and Community Solidarity Transform Access to Healthcare

25. Feeding Each Other: The Radical Power of Free Grocery Stores

    1. How This Kind of Mutual Aid Transforms Hunger Relief into Community Empowerment

26. Challenge Capitalism One Free Store at a Time

    1. How Free Stores Empower Communities and Challenge Scarcity

27. The Past & Future of Self-Governance: How General Assemblies Build Dual Power

    1. Strengthen Communities Through Direct Democracy and Mutual Aid

28. Let Joy Guide You: The Power of Fun in Change Work

    1. Explore the Role of Laughter, Creativity, and Connection in Community Organizing

29. Fascism Unmasked: How to Recognize and Resist Modern Authoritarianism

    1. Empower Your Resistance: A Practical Guide to Revolutionary Optimism, Mutual Aid, and Defying Totalitarians

30. Resist Burnout: Care, Coping, and Wellness in Dark Times

    1. How can we practice self-care to endure the revolutionary marathon and better support one another?

31. Resistance Anthems: Protest Music for Hard Times

    1. Let’s Unite Our Voices For Justice Through the Power of Music!

32. Affinity Groups: Decentralized Resistance in an Age of Crises

    1. How Do Small, Autonomous Collectives Build Power and Resistance Against Fascism, Capitalism, and Collapse?

33. Share a Feast: How Potlucks Build Community and Connection

    1. Let’s Discuss How Sharing Food Nourishes Both Bodies and Bonds Across Generations.

34. Notes From the Underground: How Forests Teach Mutual Aid

    1. How Do Fungi, Trees, and Other Plants Thrive Through Cooperation and Reciprocity?

35. Fight Book Bans with Little Free Libraries

    1. How Do Little Free Libraries Turn the Tide Against Book Bans and Censorship?

36. Read, Rest, Revolt, Repeat: Study Groups as Mutual Aid

    1. How Does Collective Study Build Power, Sharpen Strategy, and Sustain Movements?

37. Burn After Reading: Comms Discipline for Mutual Aid and Resistance

    1. Think About Encryption, VPNs, Walkie-Talkies, and the Lost Art of Keeping Your Mouth Shut.